Dams of India

First prime minister of Indian Republic Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru hailed Dams as “TAMPLES OF RESURGENT INDIA”

Hirakud Dam	Mahanadi River	Orissa
Mettur Dam	Ponniayar River.	Kerala
Kokrapara	Tapti River	Gujarat
Bhakra Dam	Sutlej River	Punjab
Salal Project Dam	Chenab River	J&K
Rihand Dam	Son River	UP
Konar Dam	Son River	Jharkhand
Ghataprabhar Dam	Krishna River	Karnataka
Tehri Dam	Bhagirathi River	Uttarakhand
Nagarjuna Sagar	Krishna River	AP
Sardar Sarovar Dam	Narmada River	Gujarat
Indirasagar Dam	Narmada River	Madhya Pradesh
Bhavanisagar Dam	Bhavani River	Tamil Nadu
Koyna Hydroelectric Project	Koyena	Maharashtra
Idukki Dam	Periyar River	Kerala
Banasura Sagar Dam	Banasura Sagar Dam	Kerala

The Tehri Dam is a multi-purpose rock and earth-fill embankment dam on the Bhagirathi River near Tehri in Uttarakhand, India. It is the primary dam of the Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Ltd. and the Tehri hydroelectric complex. The dam is a 260 metres (850 ft) high rock and earth-fill embankment dam. Its length is 575 metres (1,886 ft), crest width 20 metres (66 ft), and base width 1,128 metres (3,701 ft)

Kerala Government has long been demanding construction of a new dam in Mullaperiyar on the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border. Many believe that the existing 116-year-old dam could pose safety hazard.

While the matter rests with the apex court, we look at some of India’s biggest and most famous dams, hailed by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as ‘The Temples of a Resurgent India’.

3.Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej River, and is near the border between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in northern India. The dam, located at a gorge near the (now submerged) upstream Bhakra village in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh, is Asia's second highest at 225.55 m (740 ft) high next to the 261m Tehri Dam. The length of the dam (measured from the road above it) is 518.25 m; it is 9.1 m broad. Its reservoir, known as the "Gobind Sagar", stores up to 9.34 billion cubic meters of water, enough to drain the whole of Chandigarh, parts of Haryana, Punjab and Delhi.The 90 km long reservoir created by the Bhakra Dam is spread over an area of 168.35 km2. In terms of storage of water, it withholds the second largest reservoir in India, the first being Indira Sagar dam in Madhya Pradesh with capacity of 12.22 billion cu m.Nangal dam is another dam downstream of Bhakra dam. 

Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Orissa in India. Built in 1957, the dam is one of the world's longest earthen dam. Hirakud Dam is the longest man-made dam in the world, about 16 mi (26 km) in length. It is one of the first major multipurpose river valley project started after India's independence. 

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is the world's largest masonry dam built across Krishna River in Nagarjuna Sagar, Nalgonda District of Andhra Pradesh, India, between 1955 and 1967. The dam contains the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir with a capacity of up to 11,472 million cubic metres. The dam is 490 ft (150 m). tall and 1.6 km long with 26 gates which are 42 ft (13 m). wide and 45 ft (14 m). tall. Nagarjuna Sagar was the earliest in the series of large infrastructure projects initiated for the Green Revolution in India; it also is one of the earliest multi-purpose irrigation and hydro-electric projects in India.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada River near Navagam, Gujarat, India. It is the largest dam and part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectric multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity. It is the 30th largest dams planned on river Narmada, Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD) is the largest structure to be built. It has a proposed final height of 163 m (535 ft) from foundation. The dam is one of India's most controversial dam projects and its environmental impact and net costs and benefits are widely debated. The World Bank was initially a funder of the SSD, but withdrew in 1994. The Narmada Dam has been the centre of controversy and protest since the late 1980s.

The Indirasagar Dam is a multipurpose key project of Madhya Pradesh on the Narmada River at Narmadanagar in the Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh in India. The Project envisages construction of a 92 m high and 653 m long concrete gravity dam. It provides Irrigation in 1,230 square kilometres of land with annual production of 2700 million units in the districts of Khandwa and Khargone in Madhya Pradesh and power generation of 1000 MW installed capacity (8x125). The reservoir of 12,200,000,000 m3 (9,890,701 acre•ft) was created.

Tungabadra dam, Hospet, Karnataka stand at 8th position.

The Bhavanisagar Dam and Reservoir, also called Lower Bhavani Dam, is located on the Bhavani River between Mettupalayam and Sathyamangalam in Erode District, Tamil Nadu, South India. The dam is situated around 16 km (9.9 mi) west to Satyamangalam and 35 km (22 mi) from Gobichettipalayam, 36 km (22 mi) north-east to Mettuppalayam and 70 km (43 mi) from Erode and 75 km (47 mi) from Coimbatore.

The dam is considered to be among the biggest earthen dams in the country. Bhavani Sagar dam is constructed on Bhavani River, which is merely under the union of Moyar River. The dam is used to divert water to the Lower Bhavani Project Canal.

The Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largest completed hydroelectric power plant of India It is a complex project consisting of total four dams with the largest Dam built on Koyna River known as Koyna Dam hence the name Koyna Hydroelectric project. The total Installed capacity of the project is 1,920 MW. The project consists of 4 stages of power generation. Due to the project's electricity generating potential the Koyna River is considered as the life line of Maharashtra.

The Idukki Dam, located in Kerala, India, is a 168.91 m (554 ft) tall arch dam. The dam stands between the two mountains - Kuravanmala (839) m and Kurathimala (925)m. It was constructed and is owned by the Kerala State Electricity Board. It supports a 780 MW hydroelectric power station.

It is built on the Periyar River, in the ravine between the Kuravan and Kurathi Hills in Kerala, India. At 167.68 metres, it is one of the highest arch dams in Asia and third tallest dam in India.

Krishna Raja Sagara, also popularly known as KRS, is the name of both a lake and the dam that causes it.Sir. Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya served as the chief engineer during the construction of this dam. The dam is named for the then ruler of the Mysore Kingdom, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV.

The Mettur Dam is a large dam in India built in 1934.[1] It was constructed in a gorge, where the Kaveri River enters the plains. The dam is one of the oldest in India. The total length of the dam is 1,700 m (5,600 ft).

The Srisailam Dam is a dam constructed across the Krishna River at Srisailam in the Kurnool district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India and is the second largest capacity hydroelectric project in the country. The dam was constructed in a deep gorge in the Nallamala Hills, 300 m (980 ft) above sea level. It is 512 m (1,680 ft) long, 145 m (476 ft) high and has 12 radial crest gates. It has a reservoir of 800 km2 (310 sq mi).

The Banasura Sagar Dam is located 21 km from Kalpetta, in Wayanad District of Kerala in the Western Ghats. It is the largest earthen dam in India and the second largest in Asia. 

River Map of India

Indian History

B.C.
2300-1750	Indus Valley Civilization.
From 1500	Coming of the Aryans.
1200-800	Expansion of the Aryans in the Ganga Valley.
600	Age of the 16 Mahajanapadas of Northern India.
563-483	Bddha’s Life-span.
540-468	Mahavir’s Life-span
362-321	Nanda dynasty.
327-326	Alexander’s invasion of India. It opened a land route between India and Europe.
322	Accession of Chandragupta Maurya.
305	Defeat of Seleucus at the hands of Chandragupta Maurya.
273-232	Ashoka’s reign.
261	Conquest of Kalinga.
145-101	Regin of Elara, the Chola king of Sri Lanka.
58	Beginning of Vikram era.
AD
78	Beginning of Saka era.
78-101	Kanishka’s reign.
319-320	Commecement of Gupta era.
380	Accession of Chandragupta II ‘Vikramaditya’
405-411	Visit of Chinese traveller Fahien.
415	Accession of Kumargupta I.
455	Accessuib of Skandagupta.
606-647	Harshavardhan’s reign.

II. MEDIEVAL

B.C.
712	First invasion in Sindh by Arabs (Mohd. Bin Qasim).
836	Accession of King Bhoja of Kannauj.
985	Accession of Rajaraja, the Chola ruler.
998	Accession of Sultan Mahmud Ghazni.
1001	First invasion of India by Mahmud Ghazni who defeated Jaipal, ruler of Punjab.
1025	Destruction of Somnath Temple by Mahmud Ghazni.
1191	First battle of Tarain.
1192	Second battle of Tarain.
1206	Accession of Qutubuddin Aibak to the throne of Delhi.
1210	Death of Qutubuddin Aibak.
1221	Chengiz Khan invaded India (Mongol invasion).
1236	Accession of Razia Sultana to the throne of Delhi.
1240	Death of Razia Sultana.
1296	Accession of Alauddin Khilji.
1316	Death of Alauddin Khilji.
1325	Accession of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.
1327	Transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in Deccan by the Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.
1336	Foundation of Vijaynagar empire in the South.
1351	Accession of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
1398	Timur’s invasion of India.
1469	Birth of Guru Nanak.
1494	Accession of Babur in Farghana.
1497-98	First voyage of Vasco da Gama to India (discovery of sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope).
1526	First Battle of Panipat; Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi; foundation of Mughal dynasty by Babur.
1527	Battle of Khanwa-Babur defeated Rana Sanga.
1530	Death of Babur and accession of Humayun.
1539	Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and became India’s emperor.
1555	Humayun recaptured the throne of Delhi.
1556	Second Battle of Panipat (Bairam Khan defeated Hemu).
1556	Battle of Talikota (Rakshasa – Tangadi).
1576	Battle of Haldighati-Rana Pratap was defeated by Akbar.
1582	Din-i-Ilahi founded by Akbar.
1600	English East India Company established.
1605	Death of Akbar and accession of Jahangir.
1606	Execution of Guru Arjun Dev, the 5th Guru of Sikhs.
1611	Jahangir marries Nurjahan.
1615	Sir Thomas Roe visits Jahangir.
1627	Birth of Shivaji and death of Jahangir.
1628	Shahjahan become emperor of India.
1631	Death of Mumtazmahal.
1634	The English permitted to trade in India (in Bengal).
1659	Accession of Aurangzeb, Shahjhan imprisoned.
1665	Shivaji imprisoned by Aurangzeb.
1666	Death of Shahjahan
1675	Execution of Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs.
1680	Death of Shivaji.
1707	Death of Aurangzeb.
1708	Death of Guru Gobind Singh the 10th Guru of Sikhs.
1739	Nadir Shah invades India.
1757	Battle of Plassey, establishment of British political rule in India at the hands of Lord Clive.
1761	Third battle of Panipat.
1764	Battle of Buxar.
1765	Clive appointed Company’s Govenror in India.
1767-69	First Anglo-Mysore War.
1780	Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
1780-84	Second Anglo-Mysore War.
1784	Pitt’s India Act.
1790-92	Third Anglo-Mysore War.
1793	The Permanent Settlement of Bengal.
1799	Fourth Anglo-Mysore War; Death of Tipu Sultan.
1802	Treaty of Bassein.
1809	Treaty of Amritsar.
1829	Practice of Sati Phohibited.
1830	Raja Rammohan Roy visits England.
1833	Death of Raja Rammohan Roy at Bristol, England.
1839	Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
1839-42	First Anglo-Afghan War.
1845-46	First Anglo-Sikh War.
1852	Second Anglo-Burmese War.
1853	First Railway line opened between Bombay and Thane and a Telegraph line in Calcutta.
1857	The Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence.
1861	Birth of Rabindranath Tagore.
1869	Birth of Mahatma Gandhi.
1885	Foundation of Indian National Congress.
1889	Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru
1897	Birth of Subhash Chandra Bose.
1903	Tibet Expedition.
1905	Paritition of Bengal by Lord Curzon.
1906	Foundation of Muslim League.
1911	Delhi Darbar, King George V and Queen visit India; Delhi becomes the capital of India.
1914	World War I begins.
1916	Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim League and Congress, Foundation of BHU, Home Rule League founded.
1918	World War I ends.
1919	Montague-Chelmsford Reforms introduced, Jalllianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar.
1920	Khilafat Movement launched, first meeting of All India Trade Union Congress, Hunter Commission Report on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Published First Non-cooperation movement launched by Gandhi.
1922	Violent incidents at Chaura Chauri Gandhi calls of Non-cooperation movement.
1925	Communist Party of India organized at Kanpur.
1927	Boycott of Simon Commission, Broadcasting started in India.
1928	Death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Nehru Report.
1929	Resolution of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (complete independence) passed at Lahore Session of INC.
1930	Civil disobedience movement launched, Dandhi March by Mahatma Gandhi (April 6, 1930) First round table conference held in London.
1931	Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Civil Disobedience movement suspended Second round table conference held.
1932	Mac Donald announces communal award (modified by Poona Pact, September 24).
1935	Government of India Act.
1937	Provincial Autonomy, Congress forms ministries.
1938	All India Kishan Sabha formed.
1939	World War II begins (September 3), Resignation of Congress Ministries in Provinces.
1941	Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India and death of Rabindranath Tagore.
1942	Arrival of Cripps Mission in India, Quit India movement launched (August 8).
1943-44	SC Bose forms Provincial Government of Free India and Indian National Army in Singapore; Bengal famine.
1945	Trial of Indian National Army at Red Fort, Shimla Conference; World War II ends.
1946	British Cabinet Mission visits India; Interim government formed at the Centre. The Muslim League decides on “Direct Action” for winiing Pakistan.
1947	Division of India; India and Pakistan form separate independent dominions.

THE GANDHIAN ERA (1917-47)

MAHATMA GANDHI (1869-1948)

CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW IN SOUTH AFRICA: 1893-1914

YEAR
1893	Departure of Gandhi to South Africa.
1894	Foundation of Natal Indian Congress.
1899	Foundation of Indian Ambulance Core during Boer Wars.
1904	Foundation of Indian Opinon (magazine) and Phoenix Farm, at phoenix, near Durban.
1906	First Civil Disobedience Movement (Satyagaraha) against Asiatic Ordiannce in Transvaal.
1907	Satyagraha against Compulsory Registration and Passes for Asians (the Black Act) in Transvaal.
1908	Trial and imprisonment-Johanesburg Jail (First Jail Term).
1910	Foundation of Tolstoy Farm (Later-Gandhi Asharama), near Johanesburg.
1913	Satyagraha against derecognition of non-Christian marriages in Cape Town.
1914	Quits South Africa forever and returns to India, Awarded Kaisar-i-Hind for raising an Indian Ambulance Core during Boer war

IN INDIA: 1915-18 I. ANCIENT

YEAR
1915	Arrived in Bombay (India) on 9 January 1915; Foundation of Satyagraha Ashrama at Kocharab near Ahmedabad (20 May). In 1917, Ashrama shifted at the banks of Sabarmati; All India tour.
1916	Abstain from active politics (though he attended Lucknow session of INC held in 26-30 December, 1916, where Raj Kumar Shukla, a cultivator from Bihar, requested him to come to Champaran).
1917	Gandhi entered active politics with Champaran campaign to redress grievances of the cultivators oppressed by Indigo planter of Bihar (April 1917). Champaran Satyagraha was his first Civil Disobedience Movement in India.
1918	In February 1918, Gandhi launched the struggle in Ahmedbad which involved industrial workers. Hunger strike as a weapon was used for the first time by Gandhi during Ahmedabad struggle. In March 1918, Gandhi worked for peasants of Kheda in Gujarat who were facing difficulties in paying the rent owing to failure of crops. Kheda Satyagraha was his first Non-Cooperation Movement.
1919	Gandhi gave a call for Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act on April 6, 1919 and took the command of the nationalist movement for the first time (First all-India Political Movement), Gandhi returns Kaisar-i-Hind gold medal as a protest against Jallianwala Bagh massacre – April 13, 1919; The All India Khilafat Conference elected Gandhi as its president (November 1919, Delhi).
1920-22	Gandhi leads the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement (August 1, 1920 – February 1922), Gandhi calls off Movement (Feb. 12, 1922), after the violent incident at Chauri-Chaura on February 5, 1922. Non-Cooperation Movement was First mass based politics under Gandhi.
1924	Belgaum (Karnataka) session of INC-for the first and the last time Gandhi was elected the president of the Congress.
1925-27	Gandhi retires from active politics for the first time and devotes himself to ‘constructive programme’ of the Congress; Gandhi resumes active politics in 1927.
1930-34	Gandhi launches the Civil Disobedience Movement with his Dandi march/ Salt Satyagraha (First Phase: March 12, 1930 – March 5, 1931; Gandhi-Irwin Pact: March 5, 1931; Gandhi attends the Second Round Table Conference in London as sole representative of the Congress: September 7 – December 1, 1931; Second Phase: January 3, 1932 – April 17, 1934).
1934-39	Gandhi retires from active politics, sets up Sevagram (Vardha Ashram).
1939	Gandhi resumes active politics.
1940-41	Gandhi launches Individual Satyagraha Movement.
1942	Call to Quit India Movement for which Gandhi raised the slogan, ‘Do or Die’ (Either free India or die in the attempt), Gandhi and all Congress leaders arrested (August 9, 1942).
1942-44	Gandhi kept in detention at the Aga Khan Palace, near Pune (August 9, 1942 – May, 1944). Gandhi lost his wife Kasturba (February 22, 1944) and private secretary Mahadev Desai; this was Gandhi’s last prison term.
1945	Gandhi’s influence on the Congress wanes perceptively after 1945.
1946	Deeply distressed by theory of communal violence, as a result Muslim League’s Direct Action call, Gandhi travelled to Noakhali (East Bengal-now Bangladesh) and later on to Calcutta to restore communal peace.
1947	Gandhi, deeply distressed by the Mountbatten Plan / Partition Plan (June 3, 1947), while staying in Calcutta to restore communal violence, observes complete silence on the dawn of India’s Independence (August, 15, 1947). Gandhi returns to Delhi (September 1947).
1948	Gandhi was shot dead by Nathu Ram Godse, a member of RSS, while on his way to the evening prayer meeting at Birla House, New Delhi (January 30, 1948). He died, with ‘Hey Ram’ on his lips.

Phrases

Phrases
A 1st charge	A priority
A black sheep	A part disreputable member of the group
A bolt from the blue	An unexpected event
A bolt from the blue	Something unexpected and unpleasant
A close shave	Narrow escape
A fair weather friend	A favorable friend
A feather in his cap	A achievement of which he can be proud
A fit as a fiddle	Extremely healthy
A lame duck	A person who is in trouble
A mare’s nest	A rumor
A piece of cake	A task that can be achieved very easily
A red letter day	An important day
A skeleton in one’s cupboard	Something embarrassing kept as a secret
A snake in the grass	A secret enemy
A sore point with	Something which hurt
A square deal	A fair bargain
A storm in a tea cup	Excitement over something trivial, Commotion over a trivial matter
A wild goose chase	Futile search, hopeless search
Above board	open
All at sea	Puzzled
An eyewash	Deception
An olive branch	An offer of peace
An open book	One that held no secret
At an arm’s length	At a safe distance
At sixes and sevens	In disagreement
At snail’s pace	To do things very slowly
At stake	In danger
At the 11th hour	At the very last moment
Bad blood	Angry feeling
Be in the eye of the storm	Steal the show
Bear the palm	Pre-eminent
Bears sway	Exercise authority
Beat off	Escape
Bed of roses	Full of joy
Best of ones oars	Do something in exited way
Black and blue	Severely
Blow over	Pass off
Blowing its own trumpets’	Self praise
Blue eyed boys	Favourites
Bone to pick	Cause of quarrel
Brought up	Introduced for discussion
Burnt his boat	Left no means of retreat
By fits and starts	Irregular
By leaps and bounds	Rapidly
By leaps and bounds	Rapidly
Cannot hold a candle to	Cannot be compared to
Carry out	Execute
Check by jowl	Very near
Close fisted person	A misery person
Cock and bull stories	Unbelievable stories
Cock and bull story	An unbelievable tale
Cold comfort	Slight satisfaction
Cope with	Handle
Crocodile tears	Pretended sorrow
Crossed sward	Disagreed
Curry favour	Flatter , ingratiating itself with
Cut him off, without a shilling	Disinherited
Cut no ice with me	Had no influence on me
Dealt in a severe below	To hit or strike severely
Devil’s advocate	One who is against religion
Die in harness	Die will still working
Die in harness	Still in service
Do not hold water	Do not fulfill the requirements
Dragging your enemies through mud	Disturbing
Drew on his fancy	Used his imagination
Dropping names	Talking informally
Easy going	Indolent
Ended in a fiasco	Was an utter failure
Fair and square	Honest
Fair weather friend	One who deserts you difficulties
Fed up	Annoyed
Fee for all	Uncontrollable situation
Fell back	Turned back
Fell into line	Become orderly
Fell through	Failed
Fits and starts	Not regular
Flogging a dead horse	Wasting time in use less effort
Fly  a kite	Test public opinion
Foar in the mouth	To be furious
Fought to the bitter end	Carried on a contest regardless of the consequences
Gave the game away	Gave out the secret
Gift of the gab	Talent for speaking
Give in	Yield ,surrender
Give the game away	Give out the secret
Go hot and cold	Sudden feeling of fear and anxiety
Go into overdrive	Start working very hard
Go throw fire and water	Under go any risk
Going places	Going abroad
Good Samaritan	A hopeful person
Got the sack	Was dismissed
Got the sack	Was dismissed from
Grain of salt	Believe only part of something
Green thumb	To have a natural interest in gardening
Hale and hearty	Healthy and sound
Hard and fast	Strict
Hard and fast rule	Rule that cannt be broken or modified
Has too many irons on the fire	Is engaged in too many enterprises at the same time
Have the last laugh	To be the victorious at the end of the argument
Heads will role	Transfer will take place
Helter-skelter	In disorderly haste
Herculean task	A work requiring very great effort
High and dry	Neglected
Hit upon a new	To be find something by chance
Hit wit’s end	Confused
Hobson’s choice	No real choice at all
I gave him a piece of my mind	Advise him
I impressed upon	Convinced
I m done for	Done=ruin
In a good book of	In favour with
In a trice	In a short period
In bad odour	Target of others anger
In cold blood	Deliberately
In high spirits	Full of hope and enthusiasm
In the long run	Ultimately
In the throes of	In the grip of
In tight corner	Ina difficult situation
Ina tight corner	In a difficult situation
Ins and outs	Full details
Jumped out of my skin	Was in panic
Keep under wraps	Secret
Kith and kin	Relatives
Lay out	Spend
Laying off of	Dismissal from jobs of
Lead somebody to the altar	To marry somebody
Leaps and bounds	Very rapidly
Let her hair down that night	Really enjoy
Let the cat of the bag	To disclose the secret
Let the cat out of the bag	Told her about it unintentionally
Like a phoenix	With a new life
Lock, stock and barrel	Completely
Look down upon	Hate intensely
Made a clean breast of	Confessed
Made amends for	Repented for
Made ducks and drakes	Squandered, wasted
Made my flesh creep	Frightened me
Made no bones out	Did not have hesitation in
Maiden speech	1st speech
Make a wry face	Show disappointment
Mend his ways	Improve his habits
Movers and shakers	Peoples who things get done
Nineteen to the dozen	Too much
No love lost b/w	Not on good terms
Nook and corner	Everywhere
Null and void	Invalid
Odds and ends	Remaining goods, scattered things, nonsense
Of no avail	Useless
Of no avail	Unsuccessful
Of one mind	Unanimous
Off and on	Occasionally
On the cuff	On credit
On the level	Equally rich
On the sly	Secretly
On the verge of	On the brink of
Once  in blue moon	Rarely
Once in blue moon	Rarely
Only burns a hole in his pocket	Gets spent quickly
Out and out	Totally
Out of thin air	Appear suddenly
Out of thin air	Appear suddenly
Paid a back handed compliment	Made an ambiguous statement praise
Paid them back In the same coin	Got the taste of one’s own medicine
Pay Through his nose	Pay on his extremely high price
Play second fiddle	Cannot play a subordinate role
Played havoc	Caused destruction
Plough a lonely furrow	Work singlehandedly
Pocket and insult	Bear insult without protest
Pore over	Go through
Pours cold water on	Disapproves of
Price yourself out of the market	Become too expensive for customer
Pros and cons	For and against, consider all facts
Put his foot down	Asserted his authority
Put on air’s	Behave as if they are better than they really are
Put up	Endure
Put up with	Tolerate
Puts a spoke in my wheel	Puts an obstacle
Puts other out of countenance	To make one uncomfortable
Putting your own shoulder to the wheels	Doing something by engaging oneself
Rank and file	Common people
Read for the bars	Studied to become a barrister
Reading b/w the lines	Understanding the sense rather than the actual word , find more meaning than the words appear to express
Rest on their laurels	To be complacent
Rub up	To revise one’s knowledge of a subject
Run down	Criticize
Run into	Incurred
Run riot	Acted without restraint
Sailing other down the river	To betray other
Set the record straight	Giver a correct record
Set their face against	Apposed strongly
Sharp practices	Intelligent decisions
Shift for themselves	Move house on their own
Shook in their shoes	Trembled with fear
Sing froid	Composure
Sitting on the fence	b/w two opinion
Sitting on the fence	Hesitating which side to take
Smell a rat	To have reason to suspect
Sowing wild oats	Irresponsible pleasure seeking in young age
Spilling the beans	Revealing the information indiscreetly
Stand still	Complete halt
Stand-offish	Angry
Struck a chill to the heart	Aroused fear
Take exception to	Object to
Take for granted	To accept readily
Take thee at the world	Truly believe you
Taken the wind out of my sails	Made my words or actions ineffective
Takes after	Pesembles
Taking her for a ride	Trying to trick her
Taking through his hat	Taking nonsense
Tall turkey	Get to the point
The Achilles’ heels	Weak point
The ant came in the stream to	To drink at it
The ant repaid the dove by	Biting the hunter
The cold shoulder	To abuse
The dove dropped a leaf into the water to	Save the ant
The dove was in danger b’coz	A hunter was about to shoot it
The green-eyed monster	Jealous
The man in the street	The ordinary man
The order of the day	A common practice
The primrose path	The pursuit of pleasure
The upper crust	People of highest social position
The word ‘aim’ in this passage means	To point a gun at something or someone
Threw down the glove	Gave a challenge
Through thick and thin	Under all conditions
To be above board	To be honest in way b/s deaf
To be all at sea	Lost and confused
To be always at his beck and call	His disposal
To be at one’s wits end	To be sorerly perplexed
To be biased against	Prejudice
To be in the lime light	The center of attraction
To be on the horn’s of a dilemma	To be in a fix
To be the question	To be discussed
To be under a cloud	To be in disgrace
To beat a retreat	To withdraw
To beat about the bush	Approach the matter in a round about way
To bell the cat	To take lead in danger
To bide their time	To wait patiently
To bite the dust
To break the ice	To break the painful silence
To call a spade to spade	To be frank and truthful
To catch up with	To come to their level
To cool one’s heels	To go for holiday
To cry wolf	To give false alarm
To cut the Gordian knot	To solve a difficult problem
To cut to the chase	To get directly go to the point
To draw on his fancies	Use his imagination
To drive home	A private end to serve
To drive someone up the wall	To irritate and annoy very much
To eat humble pie	To live in a manner modest, To have to apologies
To end in smoke	To ruin oneself, to come to nothing
To face the music	To bear the consequences, get reprimanded
To fight tooth and nail	To oppose resolutely
To give a piece of mind	To reprimand
To give the devil his due	To stand in the way of devil
To go the whole hog	To do the completely
To grease the palm	To bribe
To have an axe to grind	A private and to serve
To have something up one’s sleeves	Have a secret plan
To hit below the belt	To fight
To hit the nail right on the head	To do the right thing
To keep the pot boiling	To earn enough money to live
To keep up	To be on par
To keeps ones temper	To be in a good mood
To leave no stone unturned	To do onces best
To lose ones marbles	Go crazy
To make a dear breast of	To destroy before it blossoms
To make both ends meet	To live within one’s income
To make hey while the sun shines	Making the best use of a favourable situation
To mince matters	To confuse issues
To pick holes	To criticize someone
To plat to the gallery	To try to be sensational
To pour oil on troubled water	Appease a turbulent situation
To pull one’s legs	To make fool of
To run one down	To disparage someone
To see one’s face	Appear
To smell a rat	To suspect foul dealings
To spoke in the wheel	To spoil  the plan
To stove off	Postpone
To strike gold	To find a valuable line of argument or information
To take into account	To consider
To take someone to task	To scold someone
To take to one’s heels	To run away
To throw dust in someone’s eye	To deceive
To turn a deaf year	To ignore what someone is saying , disregard
Toe the line	Obey orders
Token strike	Sort strike held as a warning
Tom, dick and herry	Anybody
Took to his heels	Run away
Turn an honest penny	Make a legitimate living
Turn an honesty penny	Make a legitimate living
Turned down	Rejected
Turned his head	Made him vain
Turning the table	Exactly reversing the position
Turns up her nose at	Despises
Under a cloud	Under suspicion
Under duress	Under compulsion
Wash dirty linen in public	Make person quarrels public
Went a long way	Helped considerably
Went to the winds	Dissipated
White elephant	A Costly but useless possession
With a grain of salt	To listen to something with considerable doubt
With open arms	Warmly
Within a stone’s throw	Very near to